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Research Bulletin by Russian Maritime Register of Shipping

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No 77 (2024)
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MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

4-13 82
Abstract

The intensification of marine transport and industrial activities in the waters of the Russian Federation is associated with an increase in the technogenic impact on the marine environment. One of the types of such impact is underwater noise from ships, offshore industrial structures and other marine equipment. In international maritime practice, regulatory documents developed by leading classification societies are used, and the problem of technogenic underwater noise is the subject of discussion and regulation at the level of international cooperation. In the Russian Federation, studies of underwater noise from civil marine equipment rely on significant scientific potential, but are mainly of a targeted specialized nature. In order to form a regulatory framework for the environmental safety of marine activities in the field of underwater noise from marine equipment, it is necessary to systematize theoretical and in situ marine research. Such work can be most effective on the scale of a comprehensive target program, the outline and main sections of which are discussed in this article.

14-23 73
Abstract

When using risk-based methods, it is often necessary to take into account the factors of interaction between personnel and surveillance objects. During the analysis of the causes of accidents on ships equipped with ammonia refrigeration units, a qualimetric model was developed to carry out a formal assessment of the safety of ammonia refrigeration units. The model for assessing the impact of various parameters on overall safety was based on the weight coefficients of various hazards, the value of which was determined based on the analysis of accidents on ships with such installations. As a result, a system of indicators was recommended to assess the level of risk and potential consequences of accidents. The methodology has been successfully tested in practice on more than 40 vessels that have been inspected by the FAI Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, which confirmed its reliability and compliance with international standards established by the International Maritime Organization. Most importantly, the authors concluded that further application of qualimetry methods is necessary to improve and implement formalized safety assessments of complex systems and hazardous production facilities. Thus, the article emphasizes the importance of a formalized safety assessment as a tool for improving the level of safety.

24-32 78
Abstract

The paper discusses the existing and currently being developed MARPOL regulatory framework concerning the operational carbon intensity of marine vessels (CII). In order to create fair and equal conditions for all shipowners, when calculating the CII indicator of a transport vessel, special coefficients and voyage adjustments are used. The purpose of these tools is taking into account external factors outside the shipowner's area of responsibility and control in the structure of ship fuel consumption (weather, characteristic of the vessel, specific operating modes, etc.). A study of the fleet of Russianflagged vessels has shown that some of their features will not allow them to have the required CII value, taking into account the planned tightening of the calculation methodology for CII. Thus, the task of Register specialists involved in IMO procedures for evaluating revised and new CII elements is to adjust these new CII elements in the interests of domestic shipowners without compromising environmental safety. These corrective measures involve the development of new directions and approaches to improve the CII requirements presented in this article.

SEA TRANSPORT ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

33-40 35
Abstract

The first cycle of audits of IMO Member States under the IMO Member State Audit Scheme (IMSAS) is currently nearing completion, which is expected in early 2026. Since the start of mandatory audits in 2016, a wealth of experience has been accumulated in audit planning and organization, which can be used in developing measures to improve the efficiency of the Scheme in order to improve the safety, economy and environmental friendliness of maritime shipping at the global level.

The existing IMO regulatory framework describing the Audit Scheme does not fully provide for the use of modern digital technologies, continuous monitoring, self-audit of States, and also does not fully take into account the specifics of the organization of the audit preparation process. The purpose of this article is to develop sound proposals and measures to modernize the IMO Member States Audit Scheme through the introduction of a mechanism for continuous monitoring and wider use of digital technologies and management tools.

The implementation of the proposed solutions, methodological approaches and management mechanisms will optimize the operational processes and qualitative characteristics of the IMO Member States Audit Scheme. The results of the study can be applied to improve the functioning of the Scheme and conduct audits in other areas of activity.

SEAWORTHINESS

41-50 42
Abstract

The article deals with the methodology for the performance of fatigue analysis of Floating Single-Point Moorings (FSPM), using full-probability mathematical simulation methods. Under consideration are problems of developing a full-probability mathematical simulation scheme using data on wind/wave conditions in seas surrounding the Russian Federation available in Handbooks issued by the Register of Shipping (RS). Approaches to mathematical simulation of the behavior of the mechanical system "tanker/buoy/submarine hoses with an auxiliary buoyancy tank — the anchor mooring system" in all steady modes covered by the full-probability scheme, are described. A general methodology is presented for fatigue analysis of anchor legs, based on the numerical simulation of the behavior of FSPM in various operating modes, as exposed to different combinations of irregular environmental actions typical for long-term periods associated with the life cycle of FSPM. Some data on the practical application of the proposed methodology are given.

51-61 36
Abstract

The results of calculations of non-linear diffraction forces and moments of the second-order acting on heeled frame sections, on the basis of application of two-dimensional potential theory are presented. The classical and modified methods of integral equations for shallow water are used to determine these forces. А study of shallow waters h/T influence on diffraction forces was carried out, also, the results of calculations obtained by classical and modified methods are compared. The influence of a change in heel angle on nonlinear forces at a constant value of relative depth h/T was conducted. An increase of values of non-linear forces with increase of roll angle and decrease of magnitude h/T is shown.

STRENGTH OF SHIPS AND FLOATING FACILITIES

62-69 42
Abstract

Introduced nearly half a century ago, membrane cargo containment systems for liquefied natural gas have had an impact on the marine hydrocarbon industry. Of the more than 600 LNG-tankers built to date, more than 80 % are equipped with membrane cargo systems. This article presents an analysis of the development of membrane technology of cargo tanks to determine their progress. The article is based on the operating experience of Gaz Transport & Technigaz cargo systems published in open access.

MATERIALS AND WELDING

70-79 23
Abstract

The application of friction stir welding (FSW) in shipbuilding, including the manufacture of large-sized lightweight welded panels (LLW panels) for the construction of high-speed vessels and specialized marine equipment, is considered. The mechanical properties of welded joints in both MIG/MAG welding and FSW, applied to Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys commonly used in shipbuilding, are compared. The specific features of the current standards, and the approaches to FSW process approval and certification of welding operators, as well as to the qualification tests for welder-operators are analyzed. Furthermore, the article introduces supplementary criteria for the weld procedure specification, the welder performance qualification record, and the quality of welded joints produced through FSW.

DESIGN OF SHIPS AND FLOATING FACILITIES

80-86 37
Abstract

As part of the project to create a Russian independent computer-aided design system for ships, the presentation of geometric data in a structured form is an urgent issue. The article presents the scientific and applied research, which systematize and expand knowledge about the formalization of information on the geometry of the vessel surface and its premises for performing design calculations and modeling operations using previous design experience and existing calculation techniques. The task of presenting a scheme for the formation of premises for a ship's computer-aided design system has been solved to achieve this purpose. A presented approach bases on the concept of "dissecting" surfaces, which implies the continuity of data at any stage of design. To indicate the "boundary" surfaces of the room, is possible to use an interactive method, that is, to determine the surfaces in the spatial model of the vessel by pointing at them on the monitor screen. The bounding planes for this type of assignment are described. The advantage of formalizing geometry data is the operability and continuity of the ship's computer-aided design system that will be maintained at any moment of its development, and digital continuity of design will be ensured.

87-93 23
Abstract

The paper covers the dependence of the upper structures’ masses of offshore oil and gas production platforms on the total production volume. For research purposes, the authors collected an array of data on the masses of 128 platforms’ topsides, mainly of the ship’s hull type. The article analyzes the factors, which affect topside weight of the platform. The authors formed a scattering diagram and a linear regression equation, based on the regression analysis of the model. The paper presents the dependence of the masses of the upper structures on the performance of hydrocarbon production platforms, as well as a correlation and regression analysis, which became a base for a statistical model of topsides’ weights. The practical value lies in the possibility of using the model to estimate the mass of the upper structures at the early stages of design, depending on the specified performance of the FPSO platform for both produced oil and associated gas.

94-104 19
Abstract

The paper discusses the issues of improving the requirements for the glazing of yachts and small craft. The data on glazing materials and general patterns of thickness calculation are given. Based on the example of widely used foreign standards and rules of classification societies, approaches to the use of glazing in various zones and its characteristics are analyzed. Comparative calculations were performed for a craft with a length of 24 m using various methods. The article is illustrated with practical examples of structural solutions for glazing and closures on foreign-built ships. The ideology of the Load lines code is touched upon, differences with modern standards are identified, and recommendations are made to improve the domestic regulatory framework.

MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS AND PROPULSION

105-111 185
Abstract

The article is devoted to the study of the starting mode of a gas turbine engine, which relates to transient or unsteady modes, in which the temperature of the working fluid increases in a short period of time and, as a result, the whole situation associated with heat transfer changes. There is practically no information in the literature about experimental studies of highly dynamic non-stationary aperiodic processes. The experiment was carried out on an open gas-dynamic circuit with electric arc heating of the flowing gas flow. A thin-walled cylindrical pipe was used as a physical model. During the research, the following were measured: gas flow rate, total pressure in the flow, gas temperature at the entrance to the channel, wall temperatures along the length of the experimental channel, static pressures and tangential friction stresses as a function of time and longitudinal coordinates. All measuring instruments have been certified or preliminary studies have been carried out on them to determine their inertia. Experimental studies carried out with a sharp increase in the temperature of the working fluid showed that the simultaneously formed effects of thermal and hydrodynamic unsteadiness, affecting the flow, accelerate it. The acceleration of the flow, caused by a sharper increase in the temperature of the working fluid with high values of the temporary derivatives of temperature and flow velocity, leads to a 2 — 3-fold decrease in heat transfer coefficients. A highly dynamic process in which a temperature pressure is formed, which determines the boundaries of the emerging phenomenon of laminarization of a turbulent boundary layer, was recorded for the first time with a heat flow directed from the gas flow to the channel wall.

112-125 52
Abstract

Vibration and vibrations occurring during the operation of a ship's power plant remain dangerous phenomena that lead to the occurrence of fatigue cracks and destruction of elements of machine-propulsion systems, supporting structures and other consequences. The resonance of vibrations of various types is especially dangerous, as a result of which the impact of vibration on ship structures and equipment increases several times. Torsional vibrations in marine propulsion systems cause additional vibration load, but in practical studies they are measured separately from other types of vibrations, while it is necessary to install measuring equipment directly on a rotating shaft, which is associated with certain difficulties. The article presents the results of studies that confirm the possibility of evaluating torsional vibrations by measuring the vibration of the bow of the diesel hull. It is determined that the relationship between torsional vibrations and vibration is manifested most strongly in the classical scheme of power transmission from a medium-speed engine to a fixed-pitch propeller. As a result of practical research on ships of projects 1557 and 81200, resonant torsional vibration frequencies were established by measuring vibration, which was confirmed by direct measurements of torsional vibrations. The studies conducted indicate the prospects of using vibration monitoring to assess the parameters of torsional vibrations of marine propulsion systems in the periods between routine torsiography or strain measurement.

126-149 85
Abstract

The article analyzes the potential of innovative gas turbine technologies application in integrated power plants of Aframax-class large-capacity ships to improve fleet energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. Conceptual designs of megawatt-class IPPs have been developed, combining advances in gas turbine engineering, steam turbine and electrochemical technologies, renewable energy sources, and intelligent control systems. Rational parameters of gas turbine engines and waste heat recovery circuits have been determined to achieve efficiency over 60 % with a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

150-155 25
Abstract

Thе article describes the developed system for ensuring the security of protected objects (henceforth, the System), which allows you to take timely measures in case of detection of negative factors in the security system caused by negligence, malicious actions or technical problems. The advantages of the System, the structure, purpose and principle of operation of the components, the developed software are described. Due to the implementation of a comprehensive project and the possibility of expanding the System, including integration with similar systems, organizations ensuring the safety of protected objects will be able to use modern equipment manufactured in Russia.



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ISSN 2223-7097 (Print)