Formation of a methodology for determining the carbon footprint of a transport service using ship energy efficiency coefficients

The article examines the existing international and domestic regulatory framework for controlling the carbon footprint left by maritime transport. The aim of the study is to form a methodological approach to the process of determining the carbon footprint of a transport service using ship energy efficiency coefficients. The methods for determining the carbon footprint at the level of organization, product and transport service have been summarized. Recommendations have been given on the use of methods for calculating the carbon footprint of a transport service, based on the design coefficients of the energy efficiency of ships. On the one hand, the domestic regulatory framework creates a toolkit aimed at creating a register of carbon units. On the other hand, its methodological part, related to the calculation of the amount of CO2 equivalent emissions generated in relation to maritime transport, has an archaic structure and does not take into account the relationship between the design characteristics of the ship and its fuel consumption, as well as the transport work performed by the vessel. This does not allow for using the methodology to solve the problems of planning the activities of transport companies aimed at modernizing the fleet and extracting profit from their activities and participating in the trade in carbon units.

1. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Database Portal. Webpage: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/

2. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 71st edition. Webpage: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf (accessed on 13.04.2023)

3. Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN FCCC.

4. UNFCCC (2005) Caring for Climate: A guide to the Climate Change Convention and the Kyoto Protocol (revised 2005 edition).

5. Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

6. Postanovlenie Pravitelstva RF ot 21.09.2019 No.1228 "O prinyatii Parizhskogo soglasheniya" [RF Government Decree "On adoption of the Paris Agreement" No. 1228 dated 21.09.2019].

7. IPCC 2006, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan.

8. GHG Protocol Scope 2 Guidance ISBN: 978-1-56973-850-4.

9. Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard, Supplement to the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard.

10. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, MARPOL 73/78.

11. Guidelines on the method of calculation of the attained energy efficiency design index (EEDI) for new ships (IMO resolution MEPC.308(73), adopted on 26 October 2018).

12. Guidelines on the method of calculation of the attained energy efficiency existing ship index (EEXI) (IMO resolution MEPC.350(78), adopted on 10 June 2022).

13. PAS 2050:2008. Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services.

14. ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework.

15. DIN EN 16258. Methodology for calculation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions of transport services (freight and passengers). 16. ISO 14064-1:2018. Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals.

16. Inclusion of regulations on energy efficiency for ships in MARPOL Annex VI. Resolution MEPC.203(62), Adopted on 15 July 2011, Amendments to the annex of the protocol of 1997 to amend the international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships.

17. Federalny zakon No. 296-FZ ot 02.07.2021 goda "Ob ogranichenii vybrosov parnikovykh gazov" [Federal law No. 296-FZ dated 02.07.2021 "On limiting greenhouse gas emissions"].

18. Rasporyazhenie Pravitelstva RF No. 2979-r ot 22.10.2021 "Ob utverzhdenii perechnya parnikovykh gazov, v otnoshenii kotorykh osushchestvlyaetsya gosudarstvennyy uchet vybrosov parnikovykh gazov i vedenie kadastra parnikovykh gazov" [RF Government Executive Order No. 2979-r dated 22.10.2021 "On approval of greenhouse gases list and keeping the oinventory of greenhouse gases"].

19. Postanovlenie Pravitelstva RF No. 355 ot 14.03.2022 goda "O kriteriyakh otneseniya yuridicheskikh lits i individual'nykh predprinimateley k reguliruemym organizatsiyam" [RF Government Decree No. 355 dated 14.03.2022 "On the criteria of defining legal bodies and sole proprietors as regulated entities"].

20. Rasporyazhenie Minprirody Rossii No. 15-r ot 16.04.2015 goda "Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po provedeniyu dobrovolnoy inventarizatsii ob'yoma vybrosov parnikovykh gazov v subektakh Rossiyskiy Federatsii" [Executive Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia No. 15-r dated 16.04.2015 "Methodical recommendations on conducting voluntary inventory of greenhouse gases emissions in constituent entities of the Russian Federation"].

21. Metodicheskie ukazaniya i rukovodstva po kolichestvennomu opredeleniyu ob'ema vybrosov parnikovykh gazov organizatsiyami, osushchestvlyayushchimi khozyaystvennuyu i inuyu deyatelnost v Rossiyskoy Federatsii (utv. prikazom Minprirody Rossii No. 300 ot 30.06.2015; s uchetom proekta izmeneniy k prikazu) [Methodical instructions and guidelines on quantitative determination of greenhouse gases emissions by organizations carrying out economic or other activity in the Russian Federation (appr. by the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia No. 300 dated 30.06.2015, as draft-amended)].

22. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po kolichestvennomu opredeleniyu ob'ema kosvennykh energeticheskikh vybrosov parnikovykh gazov (utv. prikazom Minprirody Rossii No. 330 ot 29.06.2017) [Methodical instructions on quantitative determination of indirect power greenhouse gases emissions (appr. by the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia No. 330 dated 29.06.2017)].

23. Prikaz Minprirody Rossii No. 371 ot 27.05.2022 goda "Ob utverzhdenii metodik kolichestvennogo opredeleniya ob'emov vybrosov parnikovykh gazov i pogloshcheniy parnikovykh gazov" [Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia No. 371 dated 27.05.2022 "On approval of procedures of quantitative determination of greenhouse gases emissions and greenhouse gases absorption"].

24. MEPC/Circ.471 29 July 2005. Interim guidelines for voluntary ship CO2 emission indexing for use in trials.

25. Ivanchenko A., Petrov A.P., Zhivlyuk G.E., Energeticheskaya effektivnost sudov i reglamentatsiya vybrosov parnikovykh gazov [Energy efficiency of ships and regulations of greenhouse gas exhaust] Vestnik gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota im. admirala S.O. Makarova, Vyp. 2, 2015. pp. 103 — 112.

26. Egorov G.V., Kolesnik D.V. Otsenka energoeffektivnosti gruzovykh sudov smeshannogo plavaniya [Estimation of enegy efficiency of cargo ships of river-sea navigation] Avtomatizatsiya sudovykh tekhnicheskikh sredstv: Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy sbornik. Odessa: OGMA, Vyp. 18, 2012. pp. 27 — 43.

27. Mezhdunarodnye podkhody k uglerodnomu tsenoobrazovaniu. Doklad Minekonomrazvitiya Rossii [International approaches to hydrocarbon price formation. Report of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia]. 2021, Webpage: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/c13068c695b51eb60ba8cb2006dd81c1/13777562.pdf. (accessed on 13.04.2023)

28. Effekty razlichnykh form tseny na uglerod dlya sokrashcheniya vybrosov parnikovykh gazov i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya. Doklad ANO "Tsentr mezhdunarodnykh i sravnitel'no-pravovykh issledovaniy" [Effects of different forms of pricing of hydrocarbons for reducing greenhouse gases emissions and for economic development. Report of ANO "Centre of intenational and comparative legal research"] 2022. Webpage: https://www.csr.ru/upload/iblock/a66/opj475r89ks7wfbqnfxdxcjfqn5puoox.pdf. (accessed on 13.04.2023).